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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Variation (Mathematik)</span></h1>
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<p>In der <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">Mathematik</a>, vor allem der <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsrechnung</a> und der Theorie der <a href="Stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stochastischer Prozess">stochastischen Prozesse</a>, ist die <b>Variation</b> (auch <b>totale Variation</b> genannt) einer <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> ein Maß für das lokale Schwingungsverhalten der Funktion. Bei den stochastischen Prozessen ist die Variation von besonderer Bedeutung, da sie die Klasse der zeitstetigen Prozesse in zwei fundamental verschiedene Unterklassen unterteilt: jene mit endlicher und solche mit unendlicher Variation.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5ab61178bf5349838758ffe3d96135406ed0245.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> eine Funktion auf dem reellen <a href="Intervall_(Mathematik)" title="Intervall (Mathematik)">Intervall</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span>. Die Variation <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70447d73f72a702a54f7cfd82f71cf4b13c9c6c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:5.752ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> ist definiert durch
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}:=\sup \left\{\left.\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left|f\left(t_{k+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{k}^{(n)}\right)\right|\ \right|n\in \mathbb {N} ,a\leq t_{0}^{(n)}<t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb <t_{n}^{(n)}\leq b\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">sup</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}:=\sup \left\{\left.\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left|f\left(t_{k+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{k}^{(n)}\right)\right|\ \right|n\in \mathbb {N} ,a\leq t_{0}^{(n)}&lt;t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb &lt;t_{n}^{(n)}\leq b\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/490fd52afdcb477ae9ea64ef419987644a5d8f0d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:77.95ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}:=\sup \left\{\left.\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left|f\left(t_{k+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{k}^{(n)}\right)\right|\ \right|n\in \mathbb {N} ,a\leq t_{0}^{(n)}<t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb <t_{n}^{(n)}\leq b\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>also durch die kleinste obere Schranke (<a href="Supremum" class="mw-redirect" title="Supremum">Supremum</a>), die alle Summen majorisiert, die sich durch eine beliebig feine Unterteilung
<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\leq t_{0}^{(n)}<t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb <t_{n}^{(n)}\leq b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\leq t_{0}^{(n)}&lt;t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb &lt;t_{n}^{(n)}\leq b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5355588b97fe3b902950fd061d82fa77befa9bd0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:27.744ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\leq t_{0}^{(n)}<t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb <t_{n}^{(n)}\leq b}" loading="lazy"></span> des Intervalls <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> ergeben. Falls sich keine reelle Zahl finden lässt, die alle Summen majorisiert, so wird das Supremum auf <a href="Unendlichkeit" title="Unendlichkeit">plus unendlich</a> gesetzt.
</p><p>Für stückweise <a href="Reelle_monotone_Funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Reelle monotone Funktion">monotone</a>, stetige Funktionen gilt der folgende Satz:
</p><p>Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c5ab61178bf5349838758ffe3d96135406ed0245.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.16ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\colon [a,b]\to \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span> in den Intervallen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [t_{0},t_{1}],[t_{1},t_{2}],\ldots ,[t_{n-1},t_{n}]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [t_{0},t_{1}],[t_{1},t_{2}],\ldots ,[t_{n-1},t_{n}]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1bd4069f3e64628090db049595cc0f98db665a22.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.987ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [t_{0},t_{1}],[t_{1},t_{2}],\ldots ,[t_{n-1},t_{n}]}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{0}=a,t_{n}=b}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{0}=a,t_{n}=b}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2a14c3b16921ab3f5f2faea33524fc99a9921956.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.41ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{0}=a,t_{n}=b}" loading="lazy"></span> jeweils monoton steigend oder fallend, so gilt für die Variation von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> die Gleichung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}=\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}|f(t_{k+1})-f(t_{k})|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}=\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}|f(t_{k+1})-f(t_{k})|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5943485eaf4a14e0de0633fc40fd0b680d4daa08.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:28.859ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}=\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}|f(t_{k+1})-f(t_{k})|}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Obige Definition der Variation lässt sich auf Funktionen übertragen, die auf unbeschränkten Intervallen definiert sind, und auf solche, die Werte in den <a href="Komplexe_Zahl" title="Komplexe Zahl">komplexen Zahlen</a> oder in <a href="Normierter_Raum" title="Normierter Raum">normierten Vektorräumen</a> annehmen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiel_einer_stetigen_Funktion_mit_unendlicher_Variation">Beispiel einer stetigen Funktion mit unendlicher Variation</h2></div>
<p>Wir wollen zeigen, dass für die auf dem Einheitsintervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,1]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,1]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/738f7d23bb2d9642bab520020873cccbef49768d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.653ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,1]}" loading="lazy"></span> stetige Funktion
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(t)={\begin{cases}0&amp;{\mbox{falls }}t=0,\\t\cos {\frac {\pi }{2t}}&amp;{\mbox{falls }}t\in (0,1],\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(t)={\begin{cases}0&amp;{\mbox{falls }}t=0,\\t\cos {\frac {\pi }{2t}}&amp;{\mbox{falls }}t\in (0,1],\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6073ce866b8ce59f0038cc3e169fcf0448483150.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.235ex; margin-bottom: -0.27ex; width:32.722ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(t)={\begin{cases}0&amp;{\mbox{falls }}t=0,\\t\cos {\frac {\pi }{2t}}&amp;{\mbox{falls }}t\in (0,1],\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |f|_{[0,1]}=\infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |f|_{[0,1]}=\infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f6a28d25894e45ec611927dbac6a929a51494cbd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:11.243ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |f|_{[0,1]}=\infty }" loading="lazy"></span> gilt. Für jedes <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d059936e77a2d707e9ee0a1d9575a1d693ce5d0b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.913ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\in \mathbb {N} }" loading="lazy"></span> seien
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{k}^{(n)}={\begin{cases}0&amp;{\mbox{falls }}k=0,\\{\frac {1}{n+1-k}}&amp;{\mbox{falls }}k\in \{1,\dots ,n\}.\end{cases}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mtable columnalign="left left" rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="1em" displaystyle="false">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mn>0</mn>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mtext>falls&nbsp;</mtext>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>.</mo>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{k}^{(n)}={\begin{cases}0&amp;{\mbox{falls }}k=0,\\{\frac {1}{n+1-k}}&amp;{\mbox{falls }}k\in \{1,\dots ,n\}.\end{cases}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dcc4a00745677dc837cf09e448d798c4c969abaa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.452ex; margin-bottom: -0.219ex; width:36.735ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{k}^{(n)}={\begin{cases}0&amp;{\mbox{falls }}k=0,\\{\frac {1}{n+1-k}}&amp;{\mbox{falls }}k\in \{1,\dots ,n\}.\end{cases}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Dann ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{2n-1}\left|f(t_{k+1}^{(2n)})-f(t_{k}^{(2n)})\right|=\dotsc =\sum _{l=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{l}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>l</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mi>l</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{2n-1}\left|f(t_{k+1}^{(2n)})-f(t_{k}^{(2n)})\right|=\dotsc =\sum _{l=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{l}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/571a28c2fe9a728a358b13f7c570a3a2f18569b1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:37.585ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum _{k=0}^{2n-1}\left|f(t_{k+1}^{(2n)})-f(t_{k}^{(2n)})\right|=\dotsc =\sum _{l=1}^{n}{\frac {1}{l}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>was wegen der Divergenz der <a href="Harmonische_Reihe" title="Harmonische Reihe">harmonischen Reihe</a> für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n\to \infty }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∞<!-- ∞ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n\to \infty }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0d55d9b32f6fa8fab6a84ea444a6b5a24bb45e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.333ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n\to \infty }" loading="lazy"></span> gegen unendlich strebt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung_in_der_Variationsrechnung">Anwendung in der Variationsrechnung</h2></div>
<p>In der <a href="Variationsrechnung" title="Variationsrechnung">Variationsrechnung</a> begegnet man häufig <a href="Optimierung" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimierung">Optimierungsproblemen</a> der folgenden Art:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \min _{f\in {\mathcal {C}}}|f|_{[a,b]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">min</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \min _{f\in {\mathcal {C}}}|f|_{[a,b]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d347ebac69b97a3748cf20dab2237078ecbf3ba9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:10.014ex; height:4.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \min _{f\in {\mathcal {C}}}|f|_{[a,b]}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7b3edab7022ca9e2976651bc59c489513ee9019.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.239ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> eine vorgegebene Menge von Funktionen ist, etwa alle zweimal <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">stetig differenzierbaren</a> Funktionen mit zusätzlichen Eigenschaften wie
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f(a)=0,\ f(b)=1,\ f\left({\frac {2a+b}{3}}\right)=-f\left({\frac {a+2b}{3}}\right).}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mi>b</mi>
</mrow>
<mn>3</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f(a)=0,\ f(b)=1,\ f\left({\frac {2a+b}{3}}\right)=-f\left({\frac {a+2b}{3}}\right).}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4692d2680b052ecb86d09cc71065cc7c58f07de.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.401ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f(a)=0,\ f(b)=1,\ f\left({\frac {2a+b}{3}}\right)=-f\left({\frac {a+2b}{3}}\right).}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ähnliche Probleme führen beispielsweise zur Definition der <a href="Spline" title="Spline">Splines</a>.
</p><p>Ein weiterer Grund für die Verbreitung der Variation in Optimierungsproblemen ist die folgende Feststellung: Beschreibt die Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> den Verlauf eines Objekts in einem eindimensionalen Raum im Laufe der Zeit, dann gibt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/70447d73f72a702a54f7cfd82f71cf4b13c9c6c3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:5.752ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |f|_{[a,b]}}" loading="lazy"></span> gerade die im Zeitraum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [a,b]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [a,b]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9c4b788fc5c637e26ee98b45f89a5c08c85f7935.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.555ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [a,b]}" loading="lazy"></span> zurückgelegte Strecke an.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anwendung_in_der_Stochastik">Anwendung in der Stochastik</h2></div>
<p>In der Theorie der <a href="Stochastischer_Prozess" title="Stochastischer Prozess">stochastischen Prozesse</a> spielt der Begriff der Variation eine besondere Rolle: Eine wichtige Charakterisierung von Prozessen (neben der Einteilung in Klassen wie <a href="Markow-Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Markow-Prozess">Markow-</a>, <a href="L%C3%A9vy-Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Lévy-Prozess">Lévy-</a> oder <a href="Gau%C3%9F-Prozess" title="Gauß-Prozess">Gauß-Prozesse</a>) besteht in ihrer Eigenschaft, über beschränkten Intervallen <a href="Fast_sicher" title="Fast sicher">fast sicher</a> endliche oder unendliche Variation aufzuweisen:
</p>
<ul><li>Beispiel für einen Prozess fast sicher <i>endlicher</i> Variation:<br>Für einen <a href="Poisson-Prozess" title="Poisson-Prozess">Poisson-Prozess</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (N_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (N_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/798a0bf8204cae84c17a8b0160a7b3b6327eaf62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.428ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (N_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit Intensität <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> gilt wegen der Monotonie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle |N|_{[0,t]}\sim \mathrm {Poi} (\lambda t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>N</mi>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>∼<!-- ∼ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle |N|_{[0,t]}\sim \mathrm {Poi} (\lambda t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68e14d2b40a85a2fa1ce8655c7ce165e788f5537.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:16.872ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle |N|_{[0,t]}\sim \mathrm {Poi} (\lambda t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li>
<li>Beispiel für einen Prozess fast sicher <i>unendlicher</i> Variation:<br>Der <a href="Wiener-Prozess" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiener-Prozess">Wiener-Prozess</a> hingegen besitzt fast sicher unendliche Variation auf jedem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,t]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,t]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37d2d2fa44908c699e2b7b7b9e92befc8283f264.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.33ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,t]}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t>0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>&gt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t&gt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/29a2960e88369263fe3cfe00ccbfeb83daee212a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t>0}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>Für die Anwendung des Wiener-Prozesses in der Physik zur Erklärung der <a href="Brownsche_Bewegung" title="Brownsche Bewegung">Brownschen Molekularbewegung</a> hat diese Eigenschaft fatale Folgen: Ein Partikel, dessen Bewegung einem Wiener-Prozess folgt, würde in jedem Zeitintervall eine unendliche Strecke zurücklegen&nbsp;– im krassen Widerspruch zu den Gesetzen der Physik. Ein solches Teilchen hätte keine definierte Momentan<a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">geschwindigkeit</a> (insbesondere nicht einmal eine <a href="Bewegungsrichtung" title="Bewegungsrichtung">Bewegungsrichtung</a>) und erst recht keine definierte <a href="Beschleunigung" title="Beschleunigung">Beschleunigung</a>, sodass es sinnlos ist, über auf das Teilchen wirkende <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kräfte</a> zu sprechen (vgl. <a href="Zweites_newtonsches_Gesetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Zweites newtonsches Gesetz">zweites newtonsches Gesetz</a>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quadratische_Variation">Quadratische Variation</h3></div>
<div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="Quadratischer_Variationsprozess" title="Quadratischer Variationsprozess">Quadratischer Variationsprozess</a></div>
<p>Eine weitere interessante Eigenschaft des Wiener-Prozesses hängt ebenfalls mit dessen Variation zusammen: Ersetzt man in der obigen Definition
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|f\left(t_{i+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{i}^{(n)}\right)\right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|f\left(t_{i+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{i}^{(n)}\right)\right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aefab77b02914e5e0bd11605ad7866623b43f6ab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:20.094ex; height:4.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|f\left(t_{i+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{i}^{(n)}\right)\right|}" loading="lazy"></span> durch</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left(f\left(t_{i+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{i}^{(n)}\right)\right)^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left(f\left(t_{i+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{i}^{(n)}\right)\right)^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5b877925f34bfa75a9187d97f349f9d724ec3610.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:22.63ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left(f\left(t_{i+1}^{(n)}\right)-f\left(t_{i}^{(n)}\right)\right)^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>so gelangt man zum Begriff der <i>quadratischen Variation</i> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X,X]_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X,X]_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8f2daef4815bb157346f24bd63b2d27f4fea6468.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.114ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X,X]_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> eines stochastischen Prozesses <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> auf dem Intervall <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [0,t]}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [0,t]}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/37d2d2fa44908c699e2b7b7b9e92befc8283f264.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.33ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [0,t]}" loading="lazy"></span> (für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/248525429e9cd266f53ab8c52d17bc206c546060.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>):
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X,X]_{t}:=\sup \left\{\left.\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left(X\left(t_{k+1}^{(n)}\right)-X\left(t_{k}^{(n)}\right)\right)^{2}\ \right|n\in \mathbb {N} ,0\leq t_{0}^{(n)}<t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb <t_{n}^{(n)}\leq t\right\}\;.}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">sup</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<munderover>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</munderover>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mtext>&nbsp;</mtext>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>⋯<!-- ⋯ --></mo>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>n</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>n</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mo>.</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X,X]_{t}:=\sup \left\{\left.\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left(X\left(t_{k+1}^{(n)}\right)-X\left(t_{k}^{(n)}\right)\right)^{2}\ \right|n\in \mathbb {N} ,0\leq t_{0}^{(n)}&lt;t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb &lt;t_{n}^{(n)}\leq t\right\}\;.}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58822ba1145b1767b8421a4af7716192343a04e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:84.317ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X,X]_{t}:=\sup \left\{\left.\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}\left(X\left(t_{k+1}^{(n)}\right)-X\left(t_{k}^{(n)}\right)\right)^{2}\ \right|n\in \mathbb {N} ,0\leq t_{0}^{(n)}<t_{1}^{(n)}\dotsb <t_{n}^{(n)}\leq t\right\}\;.}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Ein wichtiges Resultat, das sich beispielsweise in der <a href="It%C5%8D-Formel" title="Itō-Formel">Itō-Formel</a> niederschlägt, ist das folgende: Ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>W</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}" loading="lazy"></span> ein (Standard-)Wiener-Prozess, so gilt für dessen quadratische Variation fast sicher
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [W,W]_{t}=t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>W</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [W,W]_{t}=t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3ea67423eeed1c06989f9f4a864890462426773.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.962ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [W,W]_{t}=t}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Im Allgemeinen unterscheidet man zwei Formen der quadratischen Variation/Kovariation.
</p>
<dl><dd>1. Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0292d5dbc7bc707dc9c1e1dc69620c959170d609.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.017ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba162c66ca85776c83557af5088cc6f8584d1912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-<a href="Martingal" title="Martingal">Martingal</a>. Dann heißt der eindeutig bestimmte wachsende Prozess <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (A_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/341c0da09acfd210ef59e7a4adb28d208821531c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.305ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus der <a href="Doob-Meyer-Zerlegung" title="Doob-Meyer-Zerlegung">Doob-Meyer-Zerlegung</a> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df5c43e431c7e9c2c71cd2a0c59de0fb219e9d1e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.051ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X_{t}^{2}=X_{0}^{2}+M_{t}+A_{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msubsup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>=</mo>
<msubsup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X_{t}^{2}=X_{0}^{2}+M_{t}+A_{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7839fa5f597ad410091dd6b80c952bf891689bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:20.531ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X_{t}^{2}=X_{0}^{2}+M_{t}+A_{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (M_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (M_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3617f766c50498f3d0055e43bde9b97b0c2444a1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.816ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (M_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> einem Martingal und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (A_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>A</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (A_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/341c0da09acfd210ef59e7a4adb28d208821531c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.305ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (A_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> einem vorhersehbaren wachsenden Prozess, die vorhersehbare (predictable) quadratische Variation oder (Angle) Bracket von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21296940fbeeae13b27893bdb77c0ae6a02ad23f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.486ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span>; Schreibweise <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle X,X\rangle _{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle X,X\rangle _{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f155062203b481c08fc7d036b09fa000cf81a4cc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.629ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle X,X\rangle _{t}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder kurz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle X\rangle _{t}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle X\rangle _{t}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9e385166e2b6cb26e88648f8c4c17a3e027bf3dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.615ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle X\rangle _{t}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>Die vorhersehbare quadratische Kovariation für zwei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L^{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L^{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ba162c66ca85776c83557af5088cc6f8584d1912.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.637ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L^{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>-Martingale <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0292d5dbc7bc707dc9c1e1dc69620c959170d609.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.017ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (Y_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">F</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (Y_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a7afb3194a8007dd1fa76c2dcd4217ccd43ddf89.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:10.443ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (Y_{t},{\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> wird definiert als:</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle X,Y\rangle _{t}={\frac {1}{4}}\left(\langle X+Y,X+Y\rangle _{t}-\langle X-Y,X-Y\rangle _{t}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>4</mn>
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<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle X,Y\rangle _{t}={\frac {1}{4}}\left(\langle X+Y,X+Y\rangle _{t}-\langle X-Y,X-Y\rangle _{t}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a3e99cd1b3dbbc5ffa0f4aeb27a52f07fb32267.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:51.27ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle X,Y\rangle _{t}={\frac {1}{4}}\left(\langle X+Y,X+Y\rangle _{t}-\langle X-Y,X-Y\rangle _{t}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<dl><dd>2. Die quadratische Kovariation zweier <a href="Semimartingal" title="Semimartingal">Semimartingale</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21296940fbeeae13b27893bdb77c0ae6a02ad23f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.486ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (Y_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (Y_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a52866b4fb8967514ea2b18a95a6a06348bc368.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (Y_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. die quadratische Variation von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21296940fbeeae13b27893bdb77c0ae6a02ad23f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.486ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y=X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y=X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/213f9e0bf2b88042d7d90cf9e765ae8201743d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.852ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y=X}" loading="lazy"></span>, ist der folgende Prozess:</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X,Y]_{t}=X_{t}Y_{t}-X_{0}Y_{0}-\int _{0}^{t}(X_{s-}){\rm {d}}Y_{s}-\int _{0}^{t}(Y_{s-}){\rm {d}}X_{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msubsup>
<mo>∫<!-- ∫ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X,Y]_{t}=X_{t}Y_{t}-X_{0}Y_{0}-\int _{0}^{t}(X_{s-}){\rm {d}}Y_{s}-\int _{0}^{t}(Y_{s-}){\rm {d}}X_{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cfc344cbf9f27d9f70f11674995ba4b3eec9670.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:54.741ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X,Y]_{t}=X_{t}Y_{t}-X_{0}Y_{0}-\int _{0}^{t}(X_{s-}){\rm {d}}Y_{s}-\int _{0}^{t}(Y_{s-}){\rm {d}}X_{s}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Beziehung zwischen den beiden Definitionen:<br>
Seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/21296940fbeeae13b27893bdb77c0ae6a02ad23f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.486ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (X_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (Y_{t})_{t\geq 0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (Y_{t})_{t\geq 0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9a52866b4fb8967514ea2b18a95a6a06348bc368.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (Y_{t})_{t\geq 0}}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei Semimartingale. Dann gilt für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t\geq 0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t\geq 0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/248525429e9cd266f53ab8c52d17bc206c546060.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.101ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t\geq 0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [X,Y]_{t}=\langle X^{c},Y^{c}\rangle _{t}+\sum _{0<s\leq t}\Delta X_{s}\Delta Y_{s}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo stretchy="false">[</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<msub>
<mo stretchy="false">]</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨<!-- ⟨ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>,</mo>
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩<!-- ⟩ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">Δ<!-- Δ --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [X,Y]_{t}=\langle X^{c},Y^{c}\rangle _{t}+\sum _{0&lt;s\leq t}\Delta X_{s}\Delta Y_{s}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f7dd5bb064e513fa04aedf7b70b2ab0371ce55fa.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.171ex; width:36.585ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [X,Y]_{t}=\langle X^{c},Y^{c}\rangle _{t}+\sum _{0<s\leq t}\Delta X_{s}\Delta Y_{s}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wobei mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X^{c}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>X</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X^{c}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/31d6484faabd25819744428e10603597e35cd825.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.941ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X^{c}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Y^{c}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Y^{c}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bd043c85b765e9de31db9f10f3114064540fc9fd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.171ex; width:2.844ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Y^{c}}" loading="lazy"></span> die stetigen Martingalteile bezeichnet werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Erste_Variation" title="Erste Variation">Erste Variation</a></li>
<li><a href="Beschr%C3%A4nkte_Variation" title="Beschränkte Variation">Beschränkte Variation</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Philip Protter: <cite style="font-style:italic">Stochastic Integration and Differential Equations</cite>. 2. Auflage. Springer, Berlin 2003, ISBN 978-3-540-00313-7.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Variation+%28Mathematik%29&amp;rft.au=Philip+Protter&amp;rft.btitle=Stochastic+Integration+and+Differential+Equations&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.edition=2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783540003137&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Jean Jacod and Albert N. Shiryaev: <cite style="font-style:italic">Limit Theorems for Stochastic Processes</cite>. Springer, 1987, ISBN 3-540-17882-1.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Variation+%28Mathematik%29&amp;rft.au=Jean+Jacod+and+Albert+N.+Shiryaev&amp;rft.btitle=Limit+Theorems+for+Stochastic+Processes&amp;rft.date=1987&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=3540178821&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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